| IOC English Name | Scientific Name | Range | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
ORDER PELECANIFORMES |
|||
Ibises, Spoonbills (35) |
Family Threskiornithidae |
PHY : Ibises and spoonbills (Threskiornithidae) and herons (Ardeidae) are sister taxa in the Order Pelecaniformes (Hackett et al. 2008) | |
| African Sacred Ibis | Threskiornis aethiopicus (Latham, 1790) | AF : Africa south of the Sahara, Iraq | ENG : Change English name of Threskiornis aethiopicus to African Sacred Ibis with split of T.bernieri |
| Malagasy Sacred Ibis | Threskiornis bernieri (Bonaparte, 1855) | AF : Madagascar, Aldabra | AS : Threskiornis bernieri is split from T. aethiopicus (REF); recognized by BLI |
| T. b. bernieri (Bonaparte, 1855) | Madagascar | ||
| T. b. abbotti (Ridgway, 1893) | Aldabra I. (Seychelles, Indian Ocean) | ||
| Reunion Ibis | Threskiornis solitarius † (de Sélys-Longchamps, 1848) | IO : La Réunion | EXTINCT : Cheke, A & Hume, J. 2008. |
| Black-headed Ibis | Threskiornis melanocephalus (Latham, 1790) | OR : India, Southeast Asia | |
| Australian White Ibis | Threskiornis moluccus (Cuvier, 1829) | AU : widespread | |
| T. m. moluccus (Cuvier, 1829) | Lesser Sundas, Moluccas to s New Guinea and Australia | ||
| T. m. pygmaeus Mayr, 1931 | Solomon Is. | ||
| Straw-necked Ibis | Threskiornis spinicollis (Jameson, 1835) | AU : widespread | |
| Red-naped Ibis | Pseudibis papillosa (Temminck, 1824) | OR : India, Pakistan, Nepal | |
| White-shouldered Ibis | Pseudibis davisoni (Hume, 1875) | OR : s Indochina, Borneo | |
| Giant Ibis | Pseudibis gigantea (Oustalet, 1877) | OR : s Vietnam | |
| Northern Bald Ibis | Geronticus eremita (Linnaeus, 1758) | AF : nw | |
| Southern Bald Ibis | Geronticus calvus (Boddaert, 1783) | AF : s | |
| Crested Ibis | Nipponia nippon (Temminck, 1835) | EU : ne China | |
| Olive Ibis | Bostrychia olivacea (Du Bus de Gisignies, 1838) | AF : w, c, e | |
| B. o. olivacea (Du Bus de Gisignies, 1838) | Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast | ||
| B. o. cupreipennis (Reichenow, 1903) | s Cameroon to the DR Congo | ||
| B. o. rothschildi † (Bannerman, 1919) |
Principe I. (Gulf of Guinea) | ||
| B. o. akeleyorum (Chapman, 1912) | Kenya and Tanzania | ||
| Sao Tome Ibis | Bostrychia bocagei (Chapin, 1923) | AF : São Tomé | |
| Spot-breasted Ibis | Bostrychia rara (Rothschild, Hartert & Kleinschmidt, O, 1897) | AF : w, c | |
| Hadada Ibis | Bostrychia hagedash (Latham, 1790) | AF : widespread | |
| B. h. nilotica (Neumann, 1909) | Sudan and Ethiopia to ne DR Congo, Uganda and nw Tanzania | ||
| B. h. brevirostris (Reichenow, 1907) | Senegal to Kenya and s to Zambia and n Mozambique | ||
| B. h. hagedash (Latham, 1790) | southern Africa | ||
| Wattled Ibis | Bostrychia carunculata (Rüppell, 1837) | AF : Ethiopia, Eritrea | |
| Plumbeous Ibis | Theristicus caerulescens (Vieillot, 1817) | SA : c, s | |
| Buff-necked Ibis | Theristicus caudatus (Boddaert, 1783) | SA : widespread | |
| T. c. caudatus (Boddaert, 1783) | n South America to the Mato Grosso (sw Brazil) | ||
| T. c. hyperorius Todd, 1948 | e Bolivia to s Brazil and n Argentina | ||
| Black-faced Ibis | Theristicus melanopis (Gmelin, JF, 1789) | SA : sw Peru, w Chile, s Argentina | |
| Andean Ibis | Theristicus branickii Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1894 | Andes of Ecuador to n Chile and n Bolivia | AS : Andean Ibis T. branickii is split from Black-faced Ibis (Steinbacher 1979, Fjeldså & Krabbe 1990, Sibley & Monroe 1990, Matheu & del Hoyo 1992, Ridgely & Greenfield 2001, Viscarra 2009, Collar & Bird 2011, Clements 6, cf H&M3, HBW; SACC) |
| Sharp-tailed Ibis | Cercibis oxycerca (von Spix, 1825) | SA : n | |
| Green Ibis | Mesembrinibis cayennensis (Gmelin, JF, 1789) | SA : widespread | |
| Bare-faced Ibis | Phimosus infuscatus (Lichtenstein, 1823) | SA : widespread | |
| P. i. berlepschi Hellmayr, 1903 | n South America | ||
| P. i. nudifrons (von Spix, 1825) | c and s Brazil | ||
| P. i. infuscatus (Lichtenstein, 1823) | e Bolivia to Paraguay, Uruguay and c Argentina | ||
| American White Ibis | Eudocimus albus (Linnaeus, 1758) | NA, LA : s USA, Caribbean, n SA | |
| Scarlet Ibis | Eudocimus ruber (Linnaeus, 1758) | SA : n | |
| Glossy Ibis | Plegadis falcinellus (Linnaeus, 1766) | Worldwide : widespread | |
| White-faced Ibis | Plegadis chihi (Vieillot, 1817) | NA, LA : c USA to c Argentina | |
| Puna Ibis | Plegadis ridgwayi (Allen, JA, 1876) | SA : wc | |
| Madagascar Ibis | Lophotibis cristata (Boddaert, 1783) | AF : Madagascar | |
| L. c. cristata (Boddaert, 1783) | n and e Madagascar | ||
| L. c. urschi Lavauden, 1929 | s and w Madagascar | ||
| Eurasian Spoonbill | Platalea leucorodia Linnaeus, 1758 | AF, EU, OR : widespread | |
| P. l. leucorodia Linnaeus, 1758 | Europe to n China, India and Sri Lanka | ||
| P. l. balsaci Naurois & Roux, 1974 | w Mauritania | ||
| P. l. archeri Neumann, 1928 | coasts of the Red Sea, Somalia | ||
| Black-faced Spoonbill | Platalea minor Temminck & Schlegel, 1849 | EU : e | |
| African Spoonbill | Platalea alba Scopoli, 1786 | AF : widespread | |
| Royal Spoonbill | Platalea regia Gould, 1838 | AU : widespread | |
| Yellow-billed Spoonbill | Platalea flavipes Gould, 1838 | AU : Australia | |
| Roseate Spoonbill | Platalea ajaja Linnaeus, 1758 | NA, LA : s USA to n Argentina | |
Herons, Bitterns (72) |
Family Ardeidae |
PHY : The herons (Ardeidae) and ibises,spoonbills (Threskiornithidae) are sister taxa in the Order Pelecaniformes (Hackett et al. 2008) | |
| Forest Bittern | Zonerodius heliosylus (Lesson & Garnot, 1828) | AU : New Guinea | |
| White-crested Tiger Heron | Tigriornis leucolopha (Jardine, 1846) | AF : w, c | |
| Rufescent Tiger Heron | Tigrisoma lineatum (Boddaert, 1783) | LA : widespread | |
| T. l. lineatum (Boddaert, 1783) | Honduras south to ne Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil | ||
| T. l. marmoratum (Vieillot, 1817) | se Bolivia to s Brazil and n Argentina | ||
| Fasciated Tiger Heron | Tigrisoma fasciatum (Such, 1825) | LA : Costa Rica to n Bolivia, se SA | |
| T. f. salmoni Sclater, PL & Salvin, 1875 | Costa Rica to n Bolivia | ||
| T. f. fasciatum (Such, 1825) | se Brazil to n Argentina | ||
| T. f. pallescens Olrog, 1950 | nw Argentina | ||
| Bare-throated Tiger Heron | Tigrisoma mexicanum Swainson, 1834 | LA : Mexico to Colombia | |
| Agami Heron | Agamia agami (Gmelin, JF, 1789) | LA : e Mexico to Amazonia | |
| Boat-billed Heron | Cochlearius cochlearius (Linnaeus, 1766) | LA : wc Mexico to ne Argentina | |
| C. c. zeledoni (Ridgway, 1885) | w Mexico | ||
| C. c. phillipsi Dickerman, 1973 | e Mexico, Belize | ||
| C. c. ridgwayi Dickerman, 1973 | s Mexico to Honduras | ||
| C. c. panamensis Griscom, 1926 | Costa Rica and Panama | ||
| C. c. cochlearius (Linnaeus, 1766) | n and c South America | ||
| Zigzag Heron | Zebrilus undulatus (Gmelin, JF, 1789) | SA : n, c | |
| Eurasian Bittern | Botaurus stellaris (Linnaeus, 1758) | EU : widespread | |
| B. s. stellaris (Linnaeus, 1758) | Europe to e Asia | ||
| B. s. capensis (Schlegel, 1863) | southern Africa | ||
| Australasian Bittern | Botaurus poiciloptilus (Wagler, 1827) | AU : sw, se Australia, New Zealand | |
| American Bittern | Botaurus lentiginosus (Rackett, 1813) | NA : widespread | |
| Pinnated Bittern | Botaurus pinnatus (Wagler, 1829) | LA : e Mexico to ne Argentina | |
| B. p. caribaeus Dickerman, 1961 | se Mexico, Belize | ||
| B. p. pinnatus (Wagler, 1829) | El Salvador and Nicaragua to n Argentina and s Brazil | ||
| Stripe-backed Bittern | Ixobrychus involucris (Vieillot, 1823) | SA : n, se, sw | |
| Least Bittern | Ixobrychus exilis (Gmelin, JF, 1789) | NA, LA : e, sw USA to se Brazil | |
| I. e. exilis (Gmelin, JF, 1789) | e Canada, e and sw USA | ||
| I. e. pullus van Rossem, 1930 | nw Mexico | ||
| I. e. erythromelas (Vieillot, 1817) | e Panama and n South America to n Bolivia and n Argentina | ||
| I. e. limoncochae Norton, DW, 1965 | e Ecuador | ||
| I. e. bogotensis Chapman, 1914 | c Colombia | ||
| I. e. peruvianus Bond, 1955 | wc Peru | ||
| Little Bittern | Ixobrychus minutus (Linnaeus, 1766) | EU, AF : s, c Europe to c Asia, nw India, Africa. | |
| I. m. minutus (Linnaeus, 1766) | c and s Europe to c Asia and nw India | ||
| I. m. payesii (Hartlaub, 1858) | Africa south of the Sahara | ||
| I. m. podiceps (Bonaparte, 1855) | Madagascar | ||
| Black-backed Bittern | Ixobrychus dubius Mathews, 1912 | AU : e, sw Australia | AS : Ixobrychus dubius is split from I. minutus (Rasmussen & Anderton 2005, Christidis & Boles 2008). |
| New Zealand Bittern | Ixobrychus novaezelandiae † (Purdie, 1871) |
AU : South I., New Zealand | EXTINCT : |
| Yellow Bittern | Ixobrychus sinensis (Gmelin, JF, 1789) | OR : widespread, also e Asia | |
| Von Schrenck's Bittern | Ixobrychus eurhythmus (Swinhoe, 1873) | EU : e | |
| Cinnamon Bittern | Ixobrychus cinnamomeus (Gmelin, JF, 1789) | OR : widespread, also e Asia | |
| Dwarf Bittern | Ixobrychus sturmii (Wagler, 1827) | AF : widespread | |
| Black Bittern | Dupetor flavicollis (Latham, 1790) | OR, AU : widespread | |
| D. f. flavicollis (Latham, 1790) | India to Indochina, the Philippines, w and c Indonesia | ||
| D. f. australis (Lesson, 1831) | e Indonesia, New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., Australia | ||
| D. f. woodfordi (Ogilvie-Grant, 1888) | Solomon Is. | ||
| White-eared Night Heron | Gorsachius magnificus (Ogilvie-Grant, 1899) | OR : s, e China | |
| Japanese Night Heron | Gorsachius goisagi (Temminck, 1836) | EU : Japan | |
| Malayan Night Heron | Gorsachius melanolophus (Raffles, 1822) | OR : widespread | |
| White-backed Night Heron | Gorsachius leuconotus (Wagler, 1827) | AF : widespread | |
| Black-crowned Night Heron | Nycticorax nycticorax (Linnaeus, 1758) | Worldwide : except AU | |
| N. n. nycticorax (Linnaeus, 1758) | Eurasia s to Indonesia and n Africa | ||
| N. n. hoactli (Gmelin, JF, 1789) | s Canada to n Argentina and Chile, Hawaii | ||
| N. n. obscurus Bonaparte, 1855 | Chile, sw Argentina | ||
| N. n. falklandicus Hartert, 1914 | Falkland Is. | ||
| Ascension Night Heron | Nycticorax olsoni † Bourne, Ashmole & Simmons, 2003 |
AO : Ascension I. | EXTINCT : Bourne, Ashmole & Simmons, 2003 |
| Reunion Night Heron | Nycticorax duboisi † (Rothschild, 1907) | IO : La Réunion | EXTINCT : Cheke, A & Hume, J. 2008. |
| Mauritius Night Heron | Nycticorax mauritianus † (Newton, E & Gadow, 1893) |
IO : Mauritius I. | EXTINCT : Cheke, A & Hume, J. 2008. |
| Rodrigues Night Heron | Nycticorax megacephalus † (Milne-Edwards, 1873) |
IO : Rodrigues I. | EXTINCT : Cheke, A & Hume, J. 2008. |
| Nankeen Night Heron | Nycticorax caledonicus (Gmelin, JF, 1789) | AU : widespread | ENG : CHANGE English name of Nycticorax caledonicus to Nankeen Night Heron, preferred name in AU region and correct original color reference (Lecroy pers comm) |
| N. c. crassirostris † Vigors, 1839 |
Bonin I. (Japan) | ||
| N. c. manillensis Vigors, 1831 | Philippines, n Borneo, Sulawesi | ||
| N. c. hilli Mathews, 1912 | Java east to New Guinea, Australia and New Zealand | ||
| N. c. pelewensis Mathews, 1926 | Palau and Caroline Is. (wc Pacific) | ||
| N. c. caledonicus (Gmelin, JF, 1789) | New Caledonia | ||
| N. c. mandibularis Ogilvie-Grant, 1888 | Bismarck Arch. and Solomon Is. | ||
| Yellow-crowned Night Heron | Nyctanassa violacea (Linnaeus, 1758) | NA, LA : e USA to Peru and e Brazil | |
| N. v. violacea (Linnaeus, 1758) | c and e USA to e Mexico and e Honduras | ||
| N. v. bancrofti Huey, 1927 | w Mexico, Socorro I., West Indies | ||
| N. v. caliginis Wetmore, 1946 | Panama and w Colombia to Peru | ||
| N. v. cayennensis (Gmelin, JF, 1789) | Panama and ne Colombia to ne Brazil | ||
| N. v. pauper (Sclater, PL & Salvin, 1870) | Galapagos Is. | ||
| Bermuda Night Heron | Nyctanassa carcinocatactes † Olson & Wingate, 2006 |
AO : Bermuda | EXTINCT : Olson & Wingate, 2006 |
| Green Heron | Butorides virescens (Linnaeus, 1758) | NA, MA : e and c USA to Panama | |
| B. v. anthonyi (Mearns, 1895) | w USA, n Baja California (Mexico) | ||
| B. v. frazari (Brewster, 1888) | s Baja California (Mexico) | ||
| B. v. virescens (Linnaeus, 1758) | c and e USA and e Canada to Panama | ||
| B. v. maculata (Boddaert, 1783) | Bahama Is. and the Caribbean | ||
| Lava Heron | Butorides sundevalli (Reichenow, 1877) | SA: Galápagos Islands | AS : Butorides sundevalli is split from B. striata (Harris 1982, Dickinson 2003; cf SACC 15, needs new data |
| Striated Heron | Butorides striata (Linnaeus, 1758) | SA, EU, AF, AU : widespread | |
| B. s. striata (Linnaeus, 1758) | e Panama to n Argentina, Bolivia and Chile | ||
| B. s. atricapilla (Afzelius, 1804) | Africa south of the Sahara | ||
| B. s. brevipes (Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833) | Somalia and the Red Sea coasts | ||
| B. s. rutenbergi (Hartlaub, 1880) | Madagascar, La Réunion | ||
| B. s. rhizophorae Salomonsen, 1934 | Comoros | ||
| B. s. crawfordi Nicoll, 1906 | Aldabra Is. and Amirante Is. | ||
| B. s. degens Hartert, 1920 | Seychelles | ||
| B. s. albolimbata Reichenow, 1900 | Chagos Arch. and Maldive Is. | ||
| B. s. chloriceps (Bonaparte, 1855) | Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka and Laccadive Is. | ||
| B. s. spodiogaster Sharpe, 1894 | Andaman Is., Nicobar Is. and islands off w Sumatra | ||
| B. s. amurensis (Schrenck, 1860) | se Siberia, ne China and Japan | ||
| B. s. actophila Oberholser, 1912 | e China to n Burma and n Vietnam | ||
| B. s. javanica (Horsfield, 1821) | Burma and Thailand to the Philippines and the Greater and Lesser Sundas | ||
| B. s. moluccarum Hartert, 1920 | Moluccas | ||
| B. s. papuensis Mayr, 1940 | nw New Guinea | ||
| B. s. idenburgi Rand, 1941 | n, e and se New Guinea | ||
| B. s. macrorhyncha (Gould, 1848) | e and ne Australia, New Caledonia | ||
| B. s. stagnatilis (Gould, 1848) | nw and nc Australia | ||
| B. s. patruelis (Peale, 1848) | Tahiti Is. (Society Is.) | ||
| B. s. solomonensis Mayr, 1940 | New Hanover to Solomons to Fiji | ||
| Squacco Heron | Ardeola ralloides (Scopoli, 1769) | EU, AF : widespread | |
| Indian Pond Heron | Ardeola grayii (Sykes, 1832) | EU, OR : Persian Gulf to Burma, Maldive Islands | |
| Chinese Pond Heron | Ardeola bacchus (Bonaparte, 1855) | OR : e | |
| Javan Pond Heron | Ardeola speciosa (Horsfield, 1821) | OR : e | |
| A. s. continentalis Salomonsen, 1933 | c Thailand through s Indochina | ||
| A. s. speciosa (Horsfield, 1821) | w and c Indonesia | ||
| Malagasy Pond Heron | Ardeola idae (Hartlaub, 1860) | AF : Madagascar, Aldabra Island | |
| Rufous-bellied Heron | Ardeola rufiventris (Sundevall, 1850) | AF : e, c | |
| Western Cattle Egret | Bubulcus ibis (Linnaeus, 1758) | EU, AF, NA, LA : s Europe to Iran, Africa, Indian Ocean Is., North and Latin America. | ENG : Change English name of Bubulcus ibis to (Western) Cattle Egret with split of B. coromandus |
| Eastern Cattle Egret | Bubulcus coromandus (Boddaert, 1783) | OR : s, e Asia, Australasia | AS : Bubulcus coromandus is split from B. ibis (Rasmussen & Anderton 2005). |
| Grey Heron | Ardea cinerea Linnaeus, 1758 | EU, AF, OR : widespread | |
| A. c. cinerea Linnaeus, 1758 | w Europe to e Asia to India and Africa | ||
| A. c. jouyi Clark, AH, 1907 | n China, Korea and Japan to Sumatra and Java | ||
| A. c. monicae Jouanin & Roux, 1963 | Banc d'Arguin (Mauritania) | ||
| A. c. firasa Hartert, 1917 | Madagascar, Comoros and Aldabra | ||
| Great Blue Heron | Ardea herodias Linnaeus, 1758 | NA, MA : widespread | |
| A. h. fannini Chapman, 1901 | nw North America | ||
| A. h. herodias Linnaeus, 1758 | southern Canada through c America | ||
| A. h. occidentalis Audubon, 1835 | se USA through the West Indies | ||
| A. h. cognata Bangs, 1903 | Galapagos Is. | ||
| Cocoi Heron | Ardea cocoi Linnaeus, 1766 | SA : widespread | |
| White-necked Heron | Ardea pacifica Latham, 1802 | AU : Australia, s New Guinea | |
| Black-headed Heron | Ardea melanocephala Children & Vigors, 1826 | AF : widespread | |
| Humblot's Heron | Ardea humbloti Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, A, 1885 | AF : Madagascar | |
| White-bellied Heron | Ardea insignis Hume, 1878 | OR : e Himalayas | |
| Great-billed Heron | Ardea sumatrana Raffles, 1822 | OR, AU : Southeast Asia to n Australia | |
| Goliath Heron | Ardea goliath Cretzschmar, 1829 | AF : widespread | |
| Purple Heron | Ardea purpurea Linnaeus, 1766 | EU, OR, AF : widespread | |
| A. p. purpurea Linnaeus, 1766 | s and c Europe to c Asia and the Middle east, Africa south of the Sahara | ||
| A. p. bournei Naurois, 1966 | Cape Verde Is. | ||
| A. p. madagascariensis van Oort, 1910 | Madagascar | ||
| A. p. manilensis Meyen, 1834 | s and e Asia to the Philippines and Indonesia | ||
| Great Egret | Ardea alba Linnaeus, 1758 | NA, SA, AF, EU, OR, AU : Worldwide | ENG : Revert English name of Ardea alba to Great Egret with relump of A. modesta |
| A. a. alba Linnaeus, 1758 | c Europe to ne Asia south to n and c Africa and s Asia | ||
| A. a. melanorhynchos Wagler, 1827 | Africa south of the Sahara | ||
| A. a. egretta Gmelin, JF, 1789 | s Canada to s Argentina and s Chile | ||
| A. a. modesta Gray, JE, 1831 | s, e Asia to Indonesia and Australasia. | ||
| Capped Heron | Pilherodius pileatus (Boddaert, 1783) | LA : e Panama to se Brazil | |
| Whistling Heron | Syrigma sibilatrix (Temminck, 1824) | SA : n, sc, se | |
| S. s. fostersmithi Friedmann, 1949 | ne Colombia, nw Venezuela | ||
| S. s. sibilatrix (Temminck, 1824) | e Bolivia and s Brazil to ne Argentina | ||
| Intermediate Egret | Egretta intermedia (Wagler, 1829) | OR, AF, AU : widespread | ENG : Change English name of Egretta intermedia to Intermediate Egret to conform to broadest usage. |
| E. i. brachyrhyncha (Brehm, AE, 1854) | Africa south of the Sahara | ||
| E. i. intermedia (Wagler, 1829) | Japan to s India and Greater Sundas | ||
| E. i. plumifera (Gould, 1848) | e Indonesia, New Guinea, Australia | ||
| Pied Heron | Egretta picata (Gould, 1845) | AU : Sulawesi to n Australia | |
| White-faced Heron | Egretta novaehollandiae (Latham, 1790) | AU : widespread | |
| Reddish Egret | Egretta rufescens (Gmelin, JF, 1789) | NA, MA : s USA, Caribbean | |
| E. r. rufescens (Gmelin, JF, 1789) | s USA, West Indies, Mexico | ||
| E. r. dickeyi (van Rossem, 1926) | Baja California (Mexico) | ||
| Black Heron | Egretta ardesiaca (Wagler, 1827) | AF : widespread | |
| Slaty Egret | Egretta vinaceigula (Sharpe, 1895) | AF : sc | |
| Tricolored Heron | Egretta tricolor (Statius Müller, 1776) | NA, LA : se USA to n SA | |
| E. t. occidentalis (Huey, 1927) | Baja California (Mexico) | ||
| E. t. ruficollis Gosse, 1847 | e and se USA to nw South America, West Indies | ||
| E. t. tricolor (Statius Müller, 1776) | nc and ne South America | ||
| Little Blue Heron | Egretta caerulea (Linnaeus, 1758) | NA, LA : se USA to s Brazil | |
| Snowy Egret | Egretta thula (Molina, 1782) | NA, LA : widespread | |
| E. t. brewsteri Thayer & Bangs, 1909 | w North America | ||
| E. t. thula (Molina, 1782) | e and s North America to c Chile and n Argentina | ||
| Little Egret | Egretta garzetta (Linnaeus, 1766) | EU, AF, OR, AU : widespread | |
| E. g. garzetta (Linnaeus, 1766) | Europe to Japan south to Africa, India and the Philippines | ||
| E. g. nigripes (Temminck, 1840) | Sundas to Australia and New Zealand | ||
| Western Reef Heron | Egretta gularis (Bosc, 1792) | AF, EU, OR : w AF, ne AF to w India, Sri Lanka | |
| E. g. gularis (Bosc, 1792) | coastal w Africa | ||
| E. g. schistacea (Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1828) | coastal ne Africa to w India, Sri Lanka | ||
| Dimorphic Egret | Egretta dimorpha Hartert, 1914 | AF : e, Madagascar | |
| Pacific Reef Heron | Egretta sacra (Gmelin, JF, 1789) | OR, AU : Southeast Asia to New Zealand | |
| E. s. sacra (Gmelin, JF, 1789) | coastal se Asia to Australia, Oceania | ||
| E. s. albolineata (Gray, GR, 1859) | New Caledonia, Loyalty Is. | ||
| Chinese Egret | Egretta eulophotes (Swinhoe, 1860) | EU : e | |
Hamerkop (1) |
Family Scopidae |
||
| Hamerkop | Scopus umbretta Gmelin, JF, 1789 | AF : also sw Arabian Peninsula | |
| S. u. umbretta Gmelin, JF, 1789 | tropical Africa, Madagascar, sw Arabia | ||
| S. u. minor Bates, 1931 | coastal w Africa | ||
Shoebill (1) |
Family Balaenicipitidae |
||
| Shoebill | Balaeniceps rex Gould, 1850 | AF : c | |
Pelicans (8) |
Family Pelecanidae |
||
| Great White Pelican | Pelecanus onocrotalus Linnaeus, 1758 | EU : c, sw | |
| Pink-backed Pelican | Pelecanus rufescens Gmelin, JF, 1789 | AF : widespread | |
| Spot-billed Pelican | Pelecanus philippensis Gmelin, JF, 1789 | OR : se India, Sri Lanka, Sumatra | |
| Dalmatian Pelican | Pelecanus crispus Bruch, 1832 | EU : c, sw | |
| Australian Pelican | Pelecanus conspicillatus Temminck, 1824 | AU : widespread | |
| American White Pelican | Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmelin, JF, 1789 | NA : c | |
| Brown Pelican | Pelecanus occidentalis Linnaeus, 1766 | NA, LA : coasts, Caribbean | |
| P. o. californicus Ridgway, 1884 | coasts of w USA and w Mexican | ||
| P. o. carolinensis Gmelin, JF, 1789 | Atlantic coasts of temperate and tropical Americas | ||
| P. o. murphyi Wetmore, 1945 | coasts of w Colombia and Ecuador | ||
| P. o. occidentalis Linnaeus, 1766 | West Indies | ||
| P. o. urinator Wetmore, 1945 | Galapagos Is. | ||
| Peruvian Pelican | Pelecanus thagus Molina, 1782 | SA : coastal Peru and Chile | |
ORDER SULIFORMES |
|||
Frigatebirds (5) |
Family Fregatidae |
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| Ascension Frigatebird | Fregata aquila (Linnaeus, 1758) | AO : se | |
| Christmas Frigatebird | Fregata andrewsi Mathews, 1914 | IO : ne | |
| Magnificent Frigatebird | Fregata magnificens Mathews, 1914 | AO, PO : Caribbean, e Pacific | |
| Great Frigatebird | Fregata minor (Gmelin, JF, 1789) | TrO : widespread | |
| F. m. nicolli Mathews, 1914 | s Atlantic | ||
| F. m. aldabrensis Mathews, 1914 | w Indian Ocean | ||
| F. m. minor (Gmelin, JF, 1789) | c and e Indian Ocean to South China Sea | ||
| F. m. palmerstoni (Gmelin, JF, 1789) | w and c Pacific | ||
| F. m. ridgwayi Mathews, 1914 | e Pacific | ||
| Lesser Frigatebird | Fregata ariel (Gray, GR, 1845) | TrO : widespread | |
| F. a. trinitatis Miranda-Ribeiro, 1919 | s Atlantic | ||
| F. a. iredalei Mathews, 1914 | w Indian Ocean | ||
| F. a. ariel (Gray, GR, 1845) | e Indian Ocean to c Pacific | ||
Gannets, Boobies (10) |
Family Sulidae |
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| Northern Gannet | Morus bassanus (Linnaeus, 1758) | AO : n | |
| Cape Gannet | Morus capensis (Lichtenstein, 1823) | AF : s coasts | |
| Australasian Gannet | Morus serrator (Gray, GR, 1843) | AU : Australia, New Zealand | |
| Abbott's Booby | Papasula abbotti (Ridgway, 1893) | IO : ne | |
| Blue-footed Booby | Sula nebouxii Milne-Edwards, 1882 | PO : ec | |
| S. n. nebouxii Milne-Edwards, 1882 | Pacific coast from s California (USA) to Peru | ||
| S. n. excisa Todd, 1948 | Galapagos Is. | ||
| Peruvian Booby | Sula variegata (Tschudi, 1843) | SA : w coast | |
| Masked Booby | Sula dactylatra Lesson, 1831 | TrO : widespread | |
| S. d. dactylatra Lesson, 1831 | Caribbean and sw Atlantic islands | ||
| S. d. melanops Hartlaub, 1859 | Red Sea, nw Indian Ocean | ||
| S. d. bedouti Mathews, 1913 | s and e Indian Ocean | ||
| S. d. tasmani van Tets, Meredith, Fullagar & Davidson, P, 1988 | Tasman Sea | ||
| S. d. personata Gould, 1846 | Coral Sea to Micronesia and Polynesia | ||
| S. d. californica Rothschild, 1915 | islands off w Mexico | ||
| Nazca Booby | Sula granti Rothschild, 1902 | PO : ec | |
| Red-footed Booby | Sula sula (Linnaeus, 1766) | TrO : widespread | |
| S. s. sula (Linnaeus, 1766) | Caribbean and sw Atlantic islands | ||
| S. s. rubripes Gould, 1838 | tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans | ||
| S. s. websteri Rothschild, 1898 | ec Pacific | ||
| Brown Booby | Sula leucogaster (Boddaert, 1783) | TrO : widespread | |
| S. l. leucogaster (Boddaert, 1783) | Caribbean and Atlantic Is. | ||
| S. l. brewsteri Goss, 1888 | coasts of w USA and w Mexico | ||
| S. l. etesiaca Thayer & Bangs, 1905 | Pacific coasts of Central America and Colombia | ||
| S. l. plotus (Forster, JR, 1844) | Red Sea through the Indian Ocean to the w and c Pacific | ||
Cormorants, Shags (41) |
Family Phalacrocoracidae |
TAX : The genera of cormorants and the distinctions between "shags" and "cormorants" remain mostly unresolved due to conflicts among studies and missing taxa (Siegel-Causey 1988, Kennedy et al 2000, Christidis & Boles 2008). Except for species of Microcarbo | |
| Little Pied Cormorant | Microcarbo melanoleucos (Vieillot, 1817) | AU : widespread | |
| M. m. melanoleucos (Vieillot, 1817) | Lesser Sundas to Australia | ||
| M. m. brevicauda (Mayr, 1931) | Rennell I. (Solomon Is.) | ||
| M. m. brevirostris (Gould, 1837) | New Zealand | ||
| Reed Cormorant | Microcarbo africanus (Gmelin, JF, 1789) | AF : widespread | |
| M. a. africanus (Gmelin, JF, 1789) | Africa south of the Sahara | ||
| M. a. pictilis (Bangs, 1918) | Madagascar | ||
| Crowned Cormorant | Microcarbo coronatus (Wahlberg, 1855) | AF : sw coast | |
| Little Cormorant | Microcarbo niger (Vieillot, 1817) | OR : widespread | |
| Pygmy Cormorant | Microcarbo pygmeus (Pallas, 1773) | EU : se Europe | |
| Red-legged Cormorant | Phalacrocorax gaimardi (Lesson & Garnot, 1828) | SA : w coast | TAX, ENG : Red-legged Cormorant likely represents a monotypic clade; default to Phalacrocorax for now (Kennedy et al 2000; Christidis and Boles 2008); CHANGE English name from Shag to Cormorant |
| Flightless Cormorant | Phalacrocorax harrisi Rothschild, 1898 | SA : Galápagos Islands | PHY, TAX : Flightless Cormorant is most closely related to Double-crested and Neotropic cormorants in Phalacrocorax (Kennedy et al 2009) |
| Bank Cormorant | Phalacrocorax neglectus (Wahlberg, 1855) | AF : sw coast | |
| Spotted Shag | Phalacrocorax punctatus (Sparrman, 1786) | AU : New Zealand | |
| P. p. punctatus (Sparrman, 1786) | North and South Is. | ||
| P. p. oliveri Mathews, 1930 | Stewart I. | ||
| Pitt Shag | Phalacrocorax featherstoni Buller, 1873 | AU : Chatham Islands | |
| Pallas's Cormorant | Phalacrocorax perspicillatus † Pallas, 1811 |
EU, NA : Bering Sea islands | EXTINCT : |
| Brandt's Cormorant | Phalacrocorax penicillatus (Brandt, 1837) | NA : w coast | |
| Pelagic Cormorant | Phalacrocorax pelagicus Pallas, 1811 | PO : n coasts | ENG : Change English name of Phalacrocorax pelagicus to Pelagic Cormorant to follow AOU |
| P. p. pelagicus Pallas, 1811 | n Pacific islands and coasts | ||
| P. p. resplendens Audubon, 1838 | Pacific coast from Canada to Mexico | ||
| Red-faced Cormorant | Phalacrocorax urile (Gmelin, JF, 1789) | PO : n coasts | ENG : Change English name from Phalacrocorax urile to Red-faced Cormorant to follow AOU |
| Neotropic Cormorant | Phalacrocorax brasilianus (Gmelin, JF, 1789) | LA : widespread,also s USA | |
| P. b. mexicanus (Brandt, 1837) | s USA to Cuba and Nicaragua | ||
| P. b. brasilianus (Gmelin, JF, 1789) | Costa Rica to Tierra del Fuego | ||
| Double-crested Cormorant | Phalacrocorax auritus (Lesson, 1831) | NA, MA : widespread | |
| P. a. cincinatus (Brandt, 1837) | s Alaska to sw Canada | ||
| P. a. albociliatus Ridgway, 1884 | sw Canada to s California | ||
| P. a. auritus (Lesson, 1831) | c and e Canada, ne USA | ||
| P. a. floridanus (Audubon, 1835) | s and se USA | ||
| P. a. heuretus Watson, Olson & Miller, JR, 1991 | Cuba, Bahamas | ||
| European Shag | Phalacrocorax aristotelis (Linnaeus, 1761) | EU : w coasts, also n AF | |
| P. a. aristotelis (Linnaeus, 1761) | Iceland, w Europe | ||
| P. a. riggenbachi Hartert, 1923 | w coast of Morocco | ||
| P. a. desmarestii (Payraudeau, 1826) | Mediterranean coasts and islands | ||
| Black-faced Cormorant | Phalacrocorax fuscescens (Vieillot, 1817) | AU : s Australian coast | |
| Indian Cormorant | Phalacrocorax fuscicollis Stephens, 1826 | OR : India, Southeast Asia | |
| Little Black Cormorant | Phalacrocorax sulcirostris (Brandt, 1837) | AU : also to Indonesia | |
| Australian Pied Cormorant | Phalacrocorax varius (Gmelin, JF, 1789) | AU : Australia, New Zealand | |
| P. v. hypoleucos (Brandt, 1837) | Australia, Tasmania | ||
| P. v. varius (Gmelin, JF, 1789) | New Zealand | ||
| Great Cormorant | Phalacrocorax carbo (Linnaeus, 1758) | EU, AU, OR : also ne NA, n AF | |
| P. c. carbo (Linnaeus, 1758) | ne USA and e Canada to w Europe | ||
| P. c. sinensis (Blumenbach, 1798) | c Europe to India and China | ||
| P. c. hanedae Kuroda, 1925 | Japan | ||
| P. c. maroccanus Hartert, 1906 | nw Africa | ||
| P. c. novaehollandiae Stephens, 1826 | Australia and New Zealand | ||
| White-breasted Cormorant | Phalacrocorax lucidus (Lichtenstein, 1823) | AF : w, s, e | |
| Japanese Cormorant | Phalacrocorax capillatus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1849) | EU : e | |
| Cape Cormorant | Phalacrocorax capensis (Sparrman, 1788) | AF : s coasts | |
| Socotra Cormorant | Phalacrocorax nigrogularis Ogilvie-Grant & Forbes, HO, 1899 | EU : Persian Gulf | |
| Rock Shag | Phalacrocorax magellanicus (Gmelin, JF, 1789) | SA : s coasts | |
| Guanay Cormorant | Leucocarbo bougainvillii (Lesson, 1837) | SA : w coast | |
| Imperial Shag | Leucocarbo atriceps (King, 1828) | SA : coasts of s South America, Falkland Is | TAX : Includes albiventer; sympatry of King Shag and Imperial Shag in s SA needs study to resolve status as species or color morph (Rasmussen 2004, Jaramillo 2003); best to lump as do HBW, SACC |
| L. a. atriceps (King, 1828) | s South America | ||
| L. a. albiventer (Lesson, 1831) | s South America, Falkland Is. | ||
| South Georgia Shag | Leucocarbo georgianus (Lönnberg, 1906) | SO : South Georgia,South Sandwich and South Orkney Is | AS : Split members of Imperial Shag complex (Orta 1992, Jaramillo 2003, HANZAB, HBW) |
| Antarctic Shag | Leucocarbo bransfieldensis (Murphy, 1936) | SO : South Shetland Is, Antarctica Peninsula | AS : Split members of Imperial Shag complex (Orta 1992, Jaramillo 2003, HANZAB, HBW) SACC needs proposal |
| Heard Island Shag | Leucocarbo nivalis (Falla, 1937) | SO : Heard Is (s Indian Ocean) | AS : Split members of Imperial Shag complex (Orta 1992, Jaramillo 2003, HANZAB, HBW) |
| Crozet Shag | Leucocarbo melanogenis (Blyth, 1860) | SO : Prince Edward, Marion and Crozet Is | AS : Split members of Imperial Shag complex (Orta 1992, Jaramillo 2003, HANZAB, HBW) |
| Macquarie Shag | Leucocarbo purpurascens (Brandt, 1837) | SO : Macquarie Is and nearby rocks | AS : Split members of Imperial Shag complex (Orta 1992, Jaramillo 2003, HANZAB, HBW) |
| Kerguelen Shag | Leucocarbo verrucosus (Cabanis, 1875) | IO : Kerguelen Islands | |
| Rough-faced Shag | Leucocarbo carunculatus (Gmelin, JF, 1789) | AU : New Zealand, South Island | |
| Bronze Shag | Leucocarbo chalconotus (Gray, GR, 1845) | AU : New Zealand, Stewart Island | |
| Chatham Shag | Leucocarbo onslowi (Forbes, HO, 1893) | AU : Chatham Islands | |
| Campbell Shag | Leucocarbo campbelli (Filhol, 1878) | AU : Campbell Island | |
| Auckland Shag | Leucocarbo colensoi (Buller, 1888) | AU : Auckland Islands | |
| Bounty Shag | Leucocarbo ranfurlyi (Ogilvie-Grant, 1901) | AU : Bounty Island | |
Anhingas, Darters (4) |
Family Anhingidae |
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| Oriental Darter | Anhinga melanogaster Pennant, 1769 | OR : Middle East, Pakistan to se Asia through Greater Sundas, Sulawesi and Philippines. | ENG : Change English name of Anhinga melanogaster from Darter to Oriental Darter with split of A. rufa and A. novaehollandiae |
| African Darter | Anhinga rufa (Daudin, 1802) | AF, EU : Subsaharan Africa, Madagascar, Near East | AS : Anhinga rufa is split from A. melanogaster (Rasmussen & Anderton 2005, Kennedy et al. 2005). |
| A. r. rufa (Daudin, 1802) | Africa south of the Sahara | ||
| A. r. vulsini Bangs, 1918 | Madagascar | ||
| A. r. chantrei (Oustalet, 1882) |
(sc Turkey), se Iraq; nonbreed-(ne Israel), sw Iran |
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| Australasian Darter | Anhinga novaehollandiae (Gould, 1847) | AU : New Guinea, Australia | AS : Anhinga novaehollandiae is split from A. melanogaster (Rasmussen & Anderton 2005, Christidis & Boles 2008, Kennedy et al. 2005). |
| A. n. papua Rand, 1938 | New Guinea | ||
| A. n. novaehollandiae (Gould, 1847) | Australia | ||
| Anhinga | Anhinga anhinga (Linnaeus, 1766) | NA, LA : sc and se USA to n Argentina | |
| A. a. leucogaster (Vieillot, 1816) | se USA to Colombia, Cuba | ||
| A. a. anhinga (Linnaeus, 1766) | Trinidad, Tobago, Colombia to n Argentina |